2026年知到答案 外科总论和各论 最新知到智慧树满分章节测试答案

第一章 单元测试

1、 问题: Hypokalemia generally does not manifest as （ ）
选项：
A:alkalosis
B:alkaline urine
C:U waves on the ECG
D:feel sick and vomit
E:Decreased tendon reflexes
答案: 【
alkaline urine
】

2、 问题: Patients with metabolic acidosis generally do not present with （ ）
选项：
A:facial flushing
B:increased heart rate
C:take deep and fast breaths
D:Urine is neutral
E:ketone-smelling breath
答案: 【
Urine is neutral
】

3、 问题: Situations where potassium chloride should not be supplemented in metabolic acidosis is （ ）
选项：
A:Decreased potassium levels in urine
B:Urine output less than 30ml/h
C:Urine output exceeds 60ml/h
D:Urine is acidic
E:Urine is alkaline
答案: 【
Urine output less than 30ml/h
】

4、 问题: The correct daily amount of water and electrolyte supplementation for fasting and water-free adult patients is （ ）
选项：
A:Water 2000～2500ml, sodium 10g, potassium chloride 5g
B:Water 2000～2500ml, sodium 5g, potassium chloride 4g
C:Water 3000～3500ml, sodium 5g, potassium chloride 3g
D:Water 1500～2000ml, sodium 3g, potassium chloride 2g
E:Water 1500～2000ml, sodium 4g, potassium chloride 2g
答案: 【
Water 2000～2500ml, sodium 5g, potassium chloride 4g
】

5、 问题: The main organ that maintains fluid balance in the body is （ ）
选项：
A:lung
B:buffer system
C:kidney
D:skin
E:liver
答案: 【
kidney
】

6、 问题: Electrolyte disturbances associated with metabolic alkalosis are （ ）
选项：
A:Hypokalemia
B:Hyperkalemia
C:Magnesium deficiency
D:Hypercalcemia
E:Hypernatremia
答案: 【
Hypokalemia
】

7、 问题: Hypokalemic alkalosis often occurs in （ ）
选项：
A:Uremia
B:Gastrointestinal decompression
C:postoperative oliguria
D:crush trauma
E:blood transfusion
答案: 【
Gastrointestinal decompression
】

8、 问题: In patients with hypokalemia, if the condition does not improve after potassium supplementation, the first consideration should be lack of （ ）
选项：
A:Magnesium
B:Phosphorus
C:sodium
D:Chlorine
E:calcium
答案: 【
Magnesium
】

9、 问题: The false clinical presentation of hypokalemia is （ ）
选项：
A:Myasthenia is the earliest clinical manifestation
B:typical ECG changes
C:Often coexists with magnesium deficiency
D:Polyuria can occur in severe cases
E:Acidic urine in alkalosis
答案: 【
typical ECG changes
】

10、 问题: Male, 45 years old. Abdominal distention and vomiting for half a year, more than in the afternoon, spit out overnight food, vomit is large, Comfortable after vomiting, due to prolonged vomiting, in addition to dehydration, it will cause （ ）
选项：
A:hypochloremic hyperkalemic alkalosis
B:hypokalemic alkalosis
C:Hypochloremic hyperkalemic acidosis
D:hypochloremic acidosis
E:hypokalemic acidosis
答案: 【
hypokalemic alkalosis
】

11、 问题: Female, 45 years old. For pyloric obstruction, continuous gastrointestinal decompression for more than half a month, daily supplement of 10% glucose 2500ml, 5% dextrose saline 1000ml, 10% potassium chloride 30ml. Full abdominal distension, no tenderness and nausea, started 2 days ago Tipping pain, disappearance of bowel sounds, daily urine output of about 1500ml, the most likely cause is （ ）
选项：
A:Hypokalemia
B:hyponatremia
C:Hyperkalemia
D:Hypernatremia
E:hypocalcemia
答案: 【
Hypokalemia
】

12、 问题: The ideal fluid for hypertonic dehydration is （ ）
选项：
A:5% sodium bicarbonate solution
B:10% glucose solution
C:0.9% sodium chloride solution
D:0.45% sodium chloride solution
E:Balanced Salt Solution
答案: 【
0.45% sodium chloride solution
】

13、 问题: （ ） of extracellular fluid in adult body weight
选项：
A:20%
B:25%
C:30%
D:35%
E:40%
答案: 【
20%
】

14、 问题: Male, 35 years old, miner. Weight 60kg. Trapped underground for 8 days, he was thirsty and manic after being rescued, his weight dropped to 55kg, and his serum sodium was 155mmol/L. He should be initially diagnosed as （ ）
选项：
A:isotonic water deficit
B:mild dehydration
C:moderate dehydration
D:severe dehydration
E:hypotonic water deficit
答案: 【
severe dehydration
】

15、 问题: The common feature of all types of shock is that （ ）
选项：
A:blood pressure drop
B:Decreased central venous pressure
C:Decreased pulse pressure
D:Decreased urine output
E:Insufficient microcirculation perfusion
答案: 【
Insufficient microcirculation perfusion
】

16、 问题: The performance of shock compensation period is （ ）
选项：
A:Blood pressure rises slightly, pulse and pulse pressure are normal.
B:blood pressure decreases slightly, pulse and pulse pressure are normal
C:Slightly higher blood pressure, faster pulse, no change in pulse pressure
D:slightly higher blood pressure, faster pulse, smaller pulse compression
E:slightly lower blood pressure, faster pulse, smaller pulse pressure
答案: 【
slightly higher blood pressure, faster pulse, smaller pulse compression
】

17、 问题: The most simple and effective index to reflect the tissue perfusion volume of shock patients is （ ）
选项：
A:Blood pressure
B:pulse
C:urine volume
D:consciousness
E:limb temperature
答案: 【
urine volume
】

18、 问题: Shock patients with low blood pressure and normal central venous pressure should be given a （ ）
选项：
A:Cardiotonics
B:diuretics
C:vasodilators
D:vasoconstrictors
E:a lot of corticosteroids
答案: 【
Cardiotonics
】

19、 问题: It should be the first choice to supplement blood volume for shock patients （ ）
选项：
A:Whole blood
B:plasma
C:low molecular dextran
D:balanced salt solution
E:5% glucose solution
答案: 【
balanced salt solution
】

20、 问题: The key to treating shock is （ ）
选项：
A:Correct acid-base imbalance
B:supplement blood volume
C:maintain important organ functions
D:apply vasoactive drugs
E:apply adrenocortical hormone
答案: 【
supplement blood volume
】

21、 问题: Vasodilator a must be used in the process of anti shock （ ）
选项：
A:After supplementing the blood volume,
B:use in combination with vasoconstrictor
C:as soon as possible
D:large dose
E:continuous intravenous drip
答案: 【
After supplementing the blood volume,
】

22、 问题: The blood pressure and central venous pressure of shock patients are low, indicating （ ）
选项：
A:Serious insufficient blood volume
B:cardiac insufficiency
C:excessive vasoconstriction
D:relatively excessive blood volume
E:relatively insufficient blood volume
答案: 【
Serious insufficient blood volume
】

23、 问题: What are the indicators reflecting the critical condition of shock patients （ ）
选项：
A:Apathy
B:high fever
C:fine pulse speed 120 times / min
D:Systolic blood pressure is lower than 10.7kpa (80mmHg)
E:multiple petechiae and ecchymosis spots appear on the skin
答案: 【
multiple petechiae and ecchymosis spots appear on the skin
】

24、 问题: Female, nervous, irritable, pale, reduced urine output and low pulse pressure. Should be given first （ ）
选项：
A:Vasoconstrictor
B:vasodilator
C:intravenous rehydration
D:diuretic
E:cardiotonic
答案: 【
intravenous rehydration
】

25、 问题: Male, after severe trauma, low blood pressure, rapid pulse, pale complexion, diagnosed as shock. What should be paid attention to when treating （ ）
选项：
A:Occurrence of acute renal failure
B:rapid expansion of blood volume
C:timely use of mannitol
D:avoidance of vasoconstrictors
E:toxicity of drugs to various organs
答案: 【
Occurrence of acute renal failure
】

26、 问题: Male, post-traumatic hemorrhage, irritability, clammy extremities, pulse 105 beats/min, low pulse pressure. should be considered as （ ）
选项：
A:no shock
B:Early stage of shock
C:Intermediate shock
D:Late shock
E:DIC formation
答案: 【
Early stage of shock
】

27、 问题: female. For volume expansion therapy due to shock, during rapid infusion, the central venous pressure is 1.47kPa (15cmH2O) BP 10.7/8kPa (80/60 mmHg). The measure to be taken is （ ）
选项：
A:Mass infusion to speed up the speed
B:Control the speed and slow down the infusion
C:Slow the infusion and add inotropes
D:Suspend the infusion
E:with vasopressors
答案: 【
Slow the infusion and add inotropes
】

28、 问题: Male, central venous pressure 0.98kPa (10cmH2O), BP 10.7/8kPa (80/60 mmHg), after rapid instillation of 250ml normal saline, central venous pressure was 1.47kPa (15cmH2O), BP was still 10.7/8kPa (80 /60mmHg). prompt the patient （ ）
选项：
A:severe hypovolemia
B:mild hypovolemia
C:cardiac insufficiency
D:volume vasoconstriction
E:hypervolemia
答案: 【
cardiac insufficiency
】

29、 问题: The stage of clinical shock is equivalent to the stage of pathophysiology of shock （ ）
选项：
A:Microcirculatory spasm
B:Microcirculation expansion period
C:Microcirculation failure stage
D:Normal microcirculation
E:Microcirculation compensation period
答案: 【
Microcirculation expansion period
】

30、 问题: Observe the urine volume of shock patients, indicating that the minimum suitable for tissue perfusion is （ ）
选项：
A:0ml/h
B:20ml/h
C:30ml/h
D:40ml/h
E:50 ml/h
答案: 【
30ml/h
】

31、 问题: What should be the first choice to supplement blood volume in hemorrhagic shock （ ）
选项：
A:Whole blood
B:Equilibrium salt solution
C:Low molecular dextran
D:10% glucose solution
E:5% sodium bicarbonate
答案: 【
Equilibrium salt solution
】

32、 问题: What must be done with vasodilators in shock （ ）
选项：
A:Alternate with vasoconstrictors
B:Diastolic blood pressure not less than 60mmhg
C:Normal cardiac function
D:Blood volume supplement
E:Shrinkage pressure 90mmHg
答案: 【
Blood volume supplement
】

33、 问题: With regard to the care of shock patients, the following is incorrect （ ）
选项：
A:Routine oxygen supply
B:Establish unobstructed venous channels
C:Observe vital signs
D:Record incoming and outgoing volume
E:Vasoconstrictors were given routinely
答案: 【
Vasoconstrictors were given routinely
】

34、 问题: In order to increase plasma osmotic pressure and circulating blood volume, the solution to be selected is （ ）
选项：
A:5% glucose
B:0.9% normal saline
C:Low molecular dextran
D:10% glucose solution
E:5% sodium bicarbonate
答案: 【
Low molecular dextran
】

35、 问题: Male patient, 45 years old, duodenal ulcer, sudden massive vomiting, about 700ml of blood, irritability, pale complexion, wet and cold skin, BP104 / 90mmHg, P102 times / minute, which belongs to （ ）
选项：
A:Early shock
B:Shock stage
C:Late shock
D:No shock occurred
E:Collapse
答案: 【
Early shock
】

36、 问题: A shock patient has dyspnea and cyanosis, no change in oxygen supply, and PaO2 continues to decrease to 51mmhg. It is necessary to take the correct measures （ ）
选项：
A:Sufficient volume expansion to speed up infusion
B:The infusion is mainly colloidal solution
C:Continuous inhalation of pure oxygen
D:Oxygen supply without positive expiratory pressure
E:Application of pressor
答案: 【
Oxygen supply without positive expiratory pressure
】

37、 问题: The patient, male, 40 years old, is in septic shock and is undergoing rapid infusion. CVP (central venous pressure) 18cmh2o, BP 80 / 60mmhg and urine volume 20ml / h are monitored. What should be done （ ）
选项：
A:Infusion at the original speed plus diuretics
B:Slow infusion
C:Accelerated infusion
D:Slow down the infusion and give cardiotonic
E:Maintain the status quo
答案: 【
Slow down the infusion and give cardiotonic
】

38、 问题: in the early stage of hypovolemic shock, the most vulnerable organ is （ ）
选项：
A:Heart
B:Liver
C:Spleen
D:Lungs
E:Kidney
答案: 【
Kidney
】

39、 问题: Oliguria in the early stage of shock is due to （ ）
选项：
A:Organic renal failure
B:Prerenal renal failure
C:Renal failure
D:Postrenal renal failure
E:Acute renal failure with dysfunction and tubular necrosis
答案: 【
Prerenal renal failure
】

40、 问题: Ischemia and hypoxia of tissue cells during shock will inevitably lead to （ ）
选项：
A:Hypercapnia
B:Lactic acid accumulation
C:Ketone body accumulation
D:Respiratory alkalosis
E:Metabolic alkalosis
答案: 【
Lactic acid accumulation
】

41、 问题: the most common cause of septic shock is （ ）
选项：
A:Gram positive bacteria
B:Gram negative bacteria
C:Virus
D:Spirochete
E:Fungi
答案: 【
Gram negative bacteria
】

42、 问题: The characteristics of arterial blood pressure changes in the early stage of shock are （ ）
选项：
A:Rise
B:Reduce
C:The change is not obvious
D:First down and then up
E:First up and then down
答案: 【
The change is not obvious
】

43、 问题: The occurrence of heart failure during shock is not related to which of the following mechanisms （ ）
选项：
A:Decreased coronary blood flow
B:Increased myocardial oxygen consumption
C:Front load increase
D:Acidosis and hyperkalemia inhibit myocardium
E:Multiple toxic factors inhibit myocardium
答案: 【
Front load increase
】

44、 问题: Female, 50 years old. He was admitted to hospital for 5 days of repeated vomiting. Serum sodium 118mmol/L, pulse 120 beats/min, blood Pressure 70/50mmHg. should be diagnosed as （ ）
选项：
A:mild sodium deficiency
B:moderate sodium deficiency
C:severe sodium deficiency
D:moderate dehydration
E:severe dehydration
答案: 【
severe sodium deficiency
】

45、 问题: The rate of potassium supplementation should generally not exceed （ ） per hour
选项：
A:10mmol
B:20 mmol
C:30 mmol
D:40 mmol
E:50 mmol
答案: 【
20 mmol
】

46、 问题: Hypotonic dehydration mainly refers to （ ）
选项：
A:low blood potassium
B:low blood calcium
C:low blood magnesium
D:low blood sodium
E:low blood phosphorus
答案: 【
low blood sodium
】

47、 问题: The detection value of serum potassium in patients with intestinal obstruction is 2.9mmol/L, which is generally not clinically manifested as （ ）
选项：
A:Weakness of limbs
B:ST segment decline
C:pale skin
D:Paradoxical aciduria
E:bitter
答案: 【
pale skin
】

48、 问题: Which of the following is not surgical infection （ ）
选项：
A:SSI
B:Urinary tract infection
C:TB
D:CLABSIs
答案: 【
TB
】

49、 问题: Which of the following is a common host factor for surgical infection （ ）
选项：
A:DM
B:Physical exercise habit
C:Mental status
D:Gender
答案: 【
DM
】

50、 问题: Which of the following is not a common etiology for postoperative fever （ ）
选项：
A:Atelectasis
B:UTI
C:SSI
D:Hypoglycemia
答案: 【
Hypoglycemia
】

第二章 单元测试

1、 问题: The GSC score for patients with concussion usually is? （ ）
选项：
A:3-8
B:5-8
C:8-10
D:13-15
答案: 【
13-15
】

2、 问题: Which of the following is incorrect about concussion? （ ）
选项：
A:Occurs instantly following the injury
B:The loss of consciousness is usually shorter than 60 min
C:The neurological function impairment is usually reversible
D:The conventional head CT scan is usually normal
答案: 【
The loss of consciousness is usually shorter than 60 min
】

3、 问题: Which of the following is incorrect about concussion? （ ）
选项：
A:Amnesia is usually shorter than 24 h
B:The amnesia experienced by patients are all retrograde
C:Amnesia could be longer than 24 h
D:Concussion patients could have anterograde amnesia
答案: 【
The amnesia experienced by patients are all retrograde
】

4、 问题: Which of the following is not related to concussion? （ ）
选项：
A:Headache
B:Insomnia
C:Blurry vision
D:Limb paralysis
答案: 【
Limb paralysis
】

5、 问题: Which of the following is incorrect about post-concussion syndrome? （ ）
选项：
A:Patients could have symptoms of irritability, dizziness and fatigue
B:Occurs in about 10-15% of patients.
C:Takes place 3 days after the injury
D:Medication could alleviate certain symptoms
答案: 【
Takes place 3 days after the injury
】

6、 问题: The definition of prolonged post-concussion syndrome is when the symptoms last longer than? （ ）
选项：
A:1 Month
B:3 months
C:6 Months
D:12 months
答案: 【
12 months
】

7、 问题: Which of the following is not a common etiology of concussion （ ）
选项：
A:Car accident
B:Sport
C:Fall
D:Crush injury
答案: 【
Crush injury
】

8、 问题: Which of the following imaging study is most commonly used when a patient is suspected with concussion? （ ）
选项：
A:CT
B:MRI
C:PET
D:X-ray
答案: 【
CT
】

9、 问题: What is the most commonly used method for the definitive diagnosis of diffuse axonal injury？（ ）
选项：
A:β -Amyloid Precursor Protein immunostaining
B:MRI
C:CT
D:electroencephalogram
答案: 【
β -Amyloid Precursor Protein immunostaining
】

10、 问题: Diffuse axonal injury is commonly encountered in? （ ）
选项：
A:Acceleration injury
B:Deceleration injury
C:Crush injury
D:Whiplash injury
答案: 【
Whiplash injury
】

11、 问题:

The pathology of diffuse axonal injury is?（ ）

选项：
A:demyelination
B:Primary axotomy
C:Secondary axotomy
D:Primary axotomy and Secondary axotomy
答案: 【
Primary axotomy and Secondary axotomy
】

12、 问题: Which of the following is not the susceptible location for diffuse axonal injury?（ ）
选项：
A:Corona radiate
B:Corpus callosum
C:Precentral gyrus
D:Brain stem
答案: 【
Precentral gyrus
】

13、 问题: Which of the following is not a common feature of diffuse axonal injury（ ）
选项：
A:Persistent coma
B:Vegetative stage
C:Usually concurrent with cerebral contusion
D:Seizure
答案: 【
Seizure
】

14、 问题: What is severe diffuse axonal injury based on clinical severity（ ）
选项：
A:coma of 24 to 48 hours’ duration
B:coma of more than 48 hours without decerebrate posturing
C:coma of more than 24 hours with decerebrate posturing or flaccidity
D:coma of more than 48 hours with decerebrate posturing or flaccidity
答案: 【
coma of more than 24 hours with decerebrate posturing or flaccidity
】

15、 问题: Which of the following is not the common clinical manifestation of cerebral contusion and laceration? （ ）
选项：
A:Post-operative coma usually last longer than 30 min
B:focal neural deficit
C:Vital sign changes
D:Normal CSF routine
答案: 【
Normal CSF routine
】

16、 问题: Which following portion of the brain is most likely to be injured during contra-coup contusion? （ ）
选项：
A:Cerebellum
B:Brain stem
C:Occipital lobe
D:Frontal lobe
答案: 【
Frontal lobe
】

17、 问题: What is the most appropriate management for a contusion patient with pupil size L =4 mm: R=2 mm, negative light reflex on the left and stable vital signs? （ ）
选项：
A:Emergency surgery
B:Bed rest
C:Medication
D:decompression with lumbar puncture
答案: 【
Emergency surgery
】

18、 问题: Which of the following is used to detect early or small cortical contusion （ ）
选项：
A:CT
B:X-ray
C:PET-CT
D:MRI
答案: 【
MRI
】

19、 问题: Which of the following contusions have similar biomechanical mechanism with diffuse axonal injury and concussion? （ ）
选项：
A:Coup contusion
B:Gliding Contusion
C:contra-coup contusion
D:Fracture contusion
答案: 【
Gliding Contusion
】

20、 问题: Which of the following is not the common secondary events following cerebral contusion? （ ）
选项：
A:Vasogenic edema
B:Ischemic necrosis
C:Inflammatory response
D:Cell cycle changes\
答案: 【
Cell cycle changes\
】

21、 问题: Which of the following is more likely to recover spontaneously? （ ）
选项：
A:Contusion of the precentral gyrus
B:Contusion of cerebellum
C:Contusion of brain stem
D:Contusion of hypothalamus
答案: 【
Contusion of cerebellum
】

22、 问题: What is the most important management when a conscious contusion patient fall into progressive decline in consciousness level? （ ）
选项：
A:Intravenous mannitol
B:Emergent surgery
C:Lumbar puncture
D:CT scan
答案: 【
CT scan
】

23、 问题: Which of the following is not a common surgical intervention for the treatment of contusion? （ ）
选项：
A:Decompressive craniectomy
B:Evacuation of hematomas
C:Third ventriculostomy
D:EVD
答案: 【
Third ventriculostomy
】

24、 问题: In which of the following, surgery is not considered? （ ）
选项：
A:Early stage of cerebral hernia
B:Vital sign instability
C:Development of supratentorial hematoma with volume larger than 40 ml
D:Midline shift
答案: 【
Vital sign instability
】

25、 问题:

Which of the following image is cerebral contusion?  ()

选项：
A:

B:

C:

D:

答案: 【

】

第三章 单元测试

1、 问题: Which of the pathological features of lung cancer is correct （ ）
选项：
A:Squamous cell carcinoma is peripheral lung cancer
B:Adenocarcinoma is peripheral lung cancer
C:Small cell carcinoma is peripheral lung cancer
D:Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is located in the hilar of the lung
E:Large cell carcinoma mostly originates from small bronchus
答案: 【
Adenocarcinoma is peripheral lung cancer
】